SOAPS AND SYNDETBARS
GENERAL

 An amendment was carried out to the drugs and
cosmetics act by the act 68 of 1982 and the words “but
does not include soap” were deleted. This amendment
became effective from 1.2.1983.Since then soap is
being manufactured under cosmetic license
SOAPS

SOAP -Soaps . are sodium or potassium salts of long chain fatty acids.
When triglycerides in fat/oil react with aqueous NaOH or KOH,
they are converted into soap and glycerol. This is called alkaline
hydrolysis of esters. Since this reaction leads to the formation
of soap, it is called the Saponification process.
SYNDETBARS

 The word “syndet” is derived from “synthetic”
combined with “detergent”. Technically it refers to
the binding that occurs between different detergents,
also called surfactants or tensioactive agents .Syndet
soap surfactants are derived from oils, fats, or
petroleum products that are processed in a wide
range of chemical processes other than traditional
saponification.
RAW MATERIALS

 FATS AND OILS- Fat mixture containing saturated and
unsaturated and long and short chain fatty acid in satiable
proportion are used .Saturated fatty acids with 12 to 18
carbon atoms are used .
 Eg. lauric, myristic,palmitic,stearic and oleic acid

 In the United States of America and Europe tallow has long
been used as a basic ingredient of soap. To improve the
solubility and lathering properties coconut oil is mixed with
tallow.
 Fish oils, palm oil and coconut oil are also used in preparation
of soaps.
ALKALIS

 Caustic soda is used as a raw material in the

preparation of soap.

 Caustic potash is used in making soft soaps

 Potassium carbonate and soda ash are used to

saponify fatty acids
ADDITIVES USED

 Antioxidants: These are used to stabilize the soap
against rancidity.
Eg. sodium silicate,sodium hyposulphite, sodium
thiosulphate.
 Whiteners: Titanium dioxide and zinc oxide are
used to improve whiteness.
 Perfumes :The pH of the soap is around 10.0.The
selected perfume should be stable in this Ph range.
SOAP MANUFACTURING

COLD PROCESS-
In this process, mixing of fat and strong alkali is carried out
substantially at room temperature so that little more than
emulsification takes place .Saponification is completed
after this mixture is run into frames in several days at warm
temperature.
since there is no opportunity to adjust proportions of fat
and alkali calculation of quantities to be used should be
made carefully
Contd.

 SEMI-BOILED PROCESS-

The semi-boiled process differs from the cold process in the fact
that the saponification mixture is heated to 70 – 90° C using a
steam-heated coil to accelerate and complete the saponification
reaction. Dyes, perfumes, and additives are added at the end of the
process to prevent them from evaporating.
The process allows the quantity of soda undergoing saponification
to be adjusted before the crude soap is drawn off. It also allows
manufacturing waste to be recycled, better incorportion of the
additives and a wider choice of raw materials.
SEMI-BOILED PROCESS
FULL BOILED PROCESS

 In this process ,large cylindrical kettles with cone
bottoms equipped with open and sometimes with
closed coils for steam are used. The kettles are often
provided with delivery pipes for fats,water,lye
 Process includes:
 Saponification reaction
 Graining out and washing
 Strong change
 Finishing or fitting operation
Contd.

 CONTINUOUS SAPONIFICATION
 These processes are used when the production is on
very large scale .Fats are first converted into fatty
acids and glycerin using high pressure in continuous
fat splitting process.
OTHER TYPES OF SOAPS

 Transparent soaps
 Bathing bar
 Castile soap
 Superfatted soaps
 Carbolic and carbonated soaps
SYNDETBARS

 Often referred to as “syndet bars” or “soap-free”
soaps, these use synthetic – and usually milder –
surfactants such as sodium cocyl isethionate (which
is derived from coconuts) or sodium palmitate. Since
they utilize less alkaline salts in their surfactants,
these have a much lower pH, which makes them less
irritating. Dove, the very first syndet bar introduced
in 1955, is made primarily from sodium lauryl
isethionate but contains sodium tallowate and
palmitate too.
SYNDETBARS
INGREDIENTS USED:

 Sodium cocoyl isethionate (the most widely used)
 Sulfosuccinates
 Alpha olefin sulfonates
 Alkyl glyceryl ether sulfonate
 Sodium cocoyl monoglyceride sulfate
 Betaines
Soap vs syndetbars

 Soap is extremely effective in cleansing the skin. It strips
away everything, including our skin’s natural oils. Soaps
are known to be harsh and its use can damage skin layers
that regulate the hydration of our skin.. Soap bars also
have a pH ranging from 9 to 10, making it more alkaline
in comparison to our skin which has a slightly acidic pH
from 5 to 6.

 Syndet bars are mild and cause less damage to our skin.
The pH of syndet bars are usually around 5.5, which is
very similar to the natural pH of our skin. These bars are
effective cleansers, cause minimal damage to skin layers,
and do not have the harsh stripping effects of regular
soap.