Pharmacy Exam
Guide
Step I
ANATOMY &
HISTOLOGY
st
1 Edition
(p1c5)
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Care has been taken to confirm the accuracy of the information present and to describe
generally accepted practices. However, the authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible
for errors or omissions or for any consequences from application of the information in this
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treatments described and recommended may not be considered absolute and universal
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We DO NOT own the rights of the pictures and some context. All rights reserved to their
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The authors, editors, and publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection
and dosage set forth in this text are in accordance with the current recommendations and
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Compiled By:
Abdul Sattar Rashid
Ali Ahsan
Ammara Khalique
Anmol Tahreem
Fareed Ahmed Rang Ali
Hamza Rohail
Laiq Ur Rehman Khan
Mehrab Fatima
Memoon Babar
Muhammad Qasim Yousaf
Ramsha Tahir
Sadia
Salbia Shereen
Sharmeen BaiG
Umair Javaid
Zafeer Naeem
Dedicated to Our Parents
And TeacherS
Acknowledgement
The future belongs to those who believe in the beauty of their
dreams.
The preparation of this book “Pharmacy Exam Guide” was
just a dream of some students of Doctor of Pharmacy,
University of Central Punjab, which could not be fulfill
without the help and support of our teachers and parents.
We appreciate the tireless efforts of Our Teachers who
encouraged us always to achieve our endeavor, no matter,
how hard they can be.
We are much indebted to Our Parents for inspiring and
motivating us to achieve the great goals in life.
Anatomical Terminology 1
Chapter 1 Anatomical Terminology ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 2
Chapter 2 Anatomical Positions ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 5
Chapter 3 Cell …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 9
Chapter 4 Cardiovascular System …………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 17
Chapter 5 Blood Vessels …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 22
Chapter 6 Anatomy of Digestive System …………………………………………………………………………………………… 24
Chapter 7 Anatomy of Urinary System ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 31
Chapter 8 The Nervous System ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 34
Chapter 9 Endocrine System …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 37
Chapter 10 Reproductive System ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 40
Chapter 11 Anatomy of Respiratory System ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 43
Chapter 12 Introduction to Epithelia ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 48
Chapter 13 Histological Study of Muscle …………………………………………………………………………………………….. 54
Chapter 14 Histology of Liver ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 55
Chapter 15 Histology of Tongue ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 57
Chapter 16 Histology of Jejunum ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 59
Chapter 17 Histology of Large Intestine ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 59
Chapter 18 Histology of Appendix ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 62
Chapter 19 Histological Features of Artery & Vein ……………………………………………………………………………….. 62
Chapter 20 Histology of Respiratory System ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 64
Chapter 21 Histology of Excretory System ………………………………………………………………………………………….. 65
Pharmacy Exam Guide
Anatomical Terminology 2
Chapter 1 ANATOMICAL CONTRA LATERAL: Refers to the opposite side
(the spleen and gallbladder are contralateral).
TERMINOLOGY
5.PROXIMAL : is used to describe a part that is
1.1 ANATOMY
“Anatomy is the study of structures or body parts
and their relationships to on another”
ANATOMY : Gross anatomy -macroscopic.
HISTOLOGY -microscopic.
1.2 DIRECTIONAL TERMS
1. SUPERIOR : means the part is above another or
closer to head (cranial ).
Vs.
INFERIOR: means the part is below another or
towards the feet (caudal).
2. ANTERIOR: means towards the front (the eyes
are anterior to the brain) –
[ventral].
Vs.
POSTERIOR: means toward the back (the pharynx
is posterior to the oral
cavity) – [dorsal]. FIGURE 1 ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGIES
closer to the trunk of the body or closer to another
3. MEDIAL: relates to the imaginary midline
specified point of reference than another part (the
dividing the body into equal elbow is proximal to the wrist).
right and left halves (the nose is medial to the Vs.
eyes).
DISTAl: it means that a particular body part is
Vs.
farther from the trunk or farther from another
LATERAL: means towards the side with respect to
specified point of reference than another part
the imaginary midline (fingers are distal to the wrist).
(the ears are lateral to the eyes).
6. SUPERFICIAL: means situated near the surface.
Peripheral also means
4. IPSILATERAL: the same side (the spleen and
outward or near the surface.
descending colon are Vs.
ipsilateral ).
DEEP: is used to describe parts that are more
Vs.
internal.
Pharmacy Exam Guide
Anatomical Terminology 3
Pharmacy Exam Guide
Anatomical Terminology 4
1.3 REGIONAL TERMS:
• AXIAL PART: includes the head, neck, and trunk.
• APPENDICULAR PART: Includes the limbs which are
attached to the body’s axis.
Pharmacy Exam Guide
Anatomical Positions 5
Chapter 2 ANATOMICAL POSITIONS Pleural Cavity Each surrounds a lung, , the
serous membrane of each
2.1 P pleural cavity is the pleura.
RONE:
If the body is lying face down, it is prone position. Pericardial Surrounds the heart, the serous
Cavity membrane of each pericardial
2.2 SUPINE: cavity is pericardium.
If the body is lying face up, it is supine position. Mediastinum Central portion of thoracic cavity
between lungs, extends from
sternum to vertebral column
2.3 LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION and from first rib to diaphragm;
Particles → atom → molecule → macromolecule → contains heart, thymus,
organelle → cell → tissue→ organ → organ system → esophagus, trachea, and several
organism. large blood vessels
Abdominopelvic Subdivided into abdominal and
Cavity pelvic cavities
Abdominal Contains stomach, spleen, liver,
Cavity gall bladder, small intestine, and
most of large intestine, the
serous membrane of the
FIGURE 2 LEVEL OF ORGANIZATION
abdominal cavity is the
peritoneum
2.4 BODY ORGANIZATION
Pelvic Cavity Contains urinary bladder,
1. BODY CAVITIES – hollow spaces within the human
portions of large intestine, and
body that contain Internal organs. internal organs of reproduction.
a) THE DORSAL CAVITY: located toward the back of
the body, is divided into the cranial cavity (which
holds the brain) and vertebral or spinal cavity (which
holds the spinal cord).
b) THE VENTRAL CAVITY: located toward the front of
the body, is divided into abdominopelvic cavity and 2.5 BODY MEMBRANES
thoracic cavity by the diaphragm. Body membranes – tissue linings of body cavities and
coverings of internal
The abdominopelvic cavity is subdivided into organs.
ABDOMINAL CAVITY (which holds liver, gallbladder,
stomach, pancreas, spleen, kidney, small, and large PARIETAL MEMBRANE –
intestines) and the PELVIC CAVITY (which holds the
urinary bladder and reproductive organs).
• The thoracic cavity is subdivided into the
PLEURAL CAVITY (which holds the lungs)
and pericardial cavity (which holds the
heart).
Cavity Comments
Cranial Cavity Formed by cranial bones and Lining of body cavity (e.g. parietal pleural membrane
contains brain. lines the pleural cavity)
Vertebral Cavity Formed by vertebral column
and contain spinal cord and the VISCERAL MEMBRANE –
beginings of spinal nerves Covering of internal organ (e.g. visceral pleural
Membrane lines the surface of the lungs).
Thoracic Cavity Chest cavity: contains Pleural
and pericardial cavities
Pharmacy Exam Guide
Anatomical Positions 6
2.6 ORGAN SYSTEMS
1. Integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous,
endocrine, digestive,
Respiratory, Circulatory, lymphatic, urinary, and
reproductive systems.
2. The reproductive system is mainly involved in
transmitting genetic
Information From one generation to another, while
the remaining 10
Organ systems are important in maintaining
homeostasis.
3. These 11 organ systems may be classified by their
functions:
• Protection –INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM.
• Support and movement – SKELETAL AND
MUSCULAR SYSTEMS.
• Integration and coordination – NERVOUS AND
ENDOCRINE SYSTEMS.
• Processing and transport – DIGESTIVE,
RESPIRATORY, CIRCULATORY, LYMPHATIC, AND
URINARY SYSTEMS.
• Reproduction and development – REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM .
2.6.1.1
2.7 BODY SECTIONS
SAGITTAL PLANE – divides the body into left
and right sections.
MIDSAGITTAL (MEDIAN) PLANE – divides
the body into equal halves at midline.
FRONTAL (CORONAL) PLANE –divides the
body into anterior and posterior sections.
TRANSVERSE (HORIZONTAL) PLANE –
divides the body into superior and inferior
sections.
PARASAGITTAL PLANE- If sagital plane does
not pass through midline but instead divides
body into unequal right and left sides
Pharmacy Exam Guide
Anatomical Positions 7
2.8 BODY REGIONS
• The abdominal area is subdivided into 9 REGIONS
FIGURE 3 BODY REGIONS
The four abdominopelvic quadrants
FIGURE 4 ABDOMINOPELVIC QUADRANTS
Pharmacy Exam Guide
Anatomical Positions 8
The nine region division is more widely used
for anatomical studies to determine organ
location; quadrants are commonly used by
clinician for describing the site of abdominal
pelvic pain, tumor, injury, or other
abnormality.
2.9 COMMON TERMS
ABDOMINAL = region between thorax and
pelvis.
ANTE BRACHIAL = the forearm.
ANTECUBITAl = the front of elbow.
AXILLARY = the armpit.
BRACHIAL = the upper arm.
CELIAC = the abdomen.
CEPHALIC = the head.
CERVICAL = the neck.
COSTAL = the ribs.
CUBITAL = the elbow.
FEMORAL = the thigh.
GLUTEAL = the buttock.
LUMBAR = the lower back.
ORBITAL/ OPTIC = eyes
AUDITORY/OTIC = Ears
HANDS UPPER SURFACE ( DORSAL)/
Hands inner surface ( Palmer)
FOOT UPPER SURFACE ( DORSAL)/ Foot
inner surface ( Plantar)