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Soap and syndet bars
2 sem M.Pharm www.DuloMix.com
Pharmaceutics dept.
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SOAPS
• Soaps are sodium or potassium salts of long
chain fatty acids.
• When triglycerides in fat/oil react with aqueous
NaOH or KOH, they are converted into soap and
glycerol. This is called alkaline hydrolysis of
ester.
• Since this reaction leads to the formation of
soap, it is called the Saponification process.
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RAW MATERIALS
1. Fats and oils
2. Alkali
3. Additives used:
a. Antioxidants
b. Whiteners
c. Perfumes
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Fats and oils
• Fat mixture containing saturated and unsaturated
and long and short chain fatty acid in suitable
proportion are used. Commonly fatty acid with 12-18
carbon atoms are used.
• Eg. Lauric, myristic, palmitic, stearic and oleic acid.
• In the USA and EU tallow (a hard fatty substance
made from rendered animal fat) has long been used
as a basic ingredient of soap. To improve the
solubility and lathering properties, coconut oil is
mixed with tallow.
• Fish oil, palm oil and coconut oil are also used in the
preparation of soaps.
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Alkali
• Caustic soda is used as a raw material in the
preparation of soaps.
• Caustic potash is used in making soft soaps.
• Potassium carbonate and soda ash are used to
saponify fatty acids.
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ADDITIVES USED
a. Antioxidants: These are used to stabilize the
soap against rancidity range.
Eg. Sodium silicate, sodium hyposulphite,
sodium thiosulphate.
b. Whiteners: Titanium dioxide and zinc oxide are
used to improve whiteness.
c. Perfumes: The pH of the soap is around 10. The
selected perfume should be stable in this pH.
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SOAP MANUFACTURING
1. COLD PROCESS-
In the process, mixing of fats and strong alkali
is carried out substantially at room
temperature so that little more than
emulsification takes place. Saponification is
completed after this mixture is run into frames
in several days at warm temperature.
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2. SEMI- BOILED PROCESS-
The semi-boiled process differs from the cold
process in the fact that the saponification
mixture is heated to 70 -90◦C using a steam-
heated coil to accelerate and complete the
saponification reaction. Dyes, perfumes, and
additives are added at the end of the process to
prevent them from evaporating.
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3. FULL BOILED PROCESS-
In this process, large cylindrical kettles with cone
bottoms equipped with open and sometimes with
closed coils for steam are used. The kettles are
often provided with delivery pipes for fays, water.
The process includes:
• Saponification reaction
• Graining out and washing
• Strong change
• Finishing or fitting operation
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4. CONTINUOUS SAPONIFICATION-
These processes are used when the production
is on very large scale. Fats are first converted
into fatty acids and glycerine using high
pressure in continuous fat splitting process.
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SYNDET BARS
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SYNDET BARS
• The word “SYNDET’ is derived from “synthetic”
combined with “detergent”.
• Technically it refers to the binding that occurs
between different detergents, also called
surfactants or tensioactive agents.
• Syndet soap surfactants are derived from oils,
fats, or petroleum products that are processed in
a wide range of chemical processes other than
traditional saponification.
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SYNDET SOAP BASES
• Syndet bars are made using blends of synthetic
surfactants, they are a different product,
formulation and chemistry to that of traditional
vegetable soap bases.
• These synthetic surfactants make syndet bars
the mildest personal cleansing bars, often pH
neutral these soap bases produce cleansing and
mild soap bars. The most famous and in fact first
syndet soap bar was Dove® – launched in 1955
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INGREDIENTS USED
• Sodium cocoyl isethionate
• Sulfosuccinates
• Alpha olefin sulfonates
• Alkyl glyceryl ether sulfonate
• Sodium cocoyl monoglyceride sulfate
• Betaines
• Both the catergories above now have a hybrid option
for those customers not looking for 100%
Traditional Soap or 100% Syndet, but a blend. This
soap base is called a Combo Base used to create
Combination bars.
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COMBO SOAP
• A soap base made using a combination of different types
of cleansers, surfactants, saponified oils designed to
maximise cleaning while minimising irritation.
• These combo soap bars are commonly combinations of
traditional vegetable soap and syndet bar base. By
formulating in this way Combination bars are less
irritating than Traditional Vegetable soaps, but less mild
than syndet bars a balance of the two.
• We can tailor oils ratios and also create combo bases for
increased performance when and where requested. Soap
is a challenging and confusing market, with a wide range
of options and chemistry now being used we continue to
innovate and create new bases for the Personal Care
industry.
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FORMULATION
• MOISTUREX SYNDET : Syndet base, Shea blend
and Perfume.
Syndet base contains
1. Disodium Lauryl Sulfosuccinate
2. Sodium Lauryl Sulfate
3. Potassium Lauryl Sulfate
4. Sodium Cocoyl Glycinate
5. Cetearyl Alcohol
6. Maltodextrin
7. Water
8. Glucerin
9. Polyquaternium -7
10. NaCl
11. Dioctyldodecyl Fluoroheptyl Citrate
12. Titanium Dioxide
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SOAP SYNDET BARS
These are prepared from vegetable oils They are prepared from hydrocarbons of
and animal fats. petroleum or coal
It strips away everything, including It does not have the harsh stripping effect.
skin’s natural oil.
Soap bars have a pH ranging from 9-10 The pH of syndet bars are usually around
5.5.
Soap are known to be harsh and its use Syndet bars are mild and cause less
can damage skin layer damage to the skin.
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REFERENCE
• http://www.stephensonpersonalcare.com/blog
/2014-12-09-soap-vs-syndet
• Soap Manufacturing Technology (second Edition
)page no 73-106. 2016
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THANK YOU