Cardiovascular
System
• Epicardium
• Myocardium
• Endocardium
The 4 cardiac valves
• Right atrioventricular (RAV, tricuspid) valve
has 3 valve cusps (2 cusps in the dog).
• Left AV (LAV, bicuspid, mitral) valve in most
species consists of 2 cusps.
• Atrioventricular valves supported by chordae
tendineae and papillary muscles of the
ventricles
• Pulmonic semilunar valve
• Aortic semilunar valve
1. Failure of the pump
2. Obstruction to flow
3. Regurgitant flow
4. Shunted flow
5. Disorders of cardiac conduction
6. Rupture of the heart or major vessel
7. • The syndrome is characterized by diminished
cardiac output (“forward failure/systolic
failure”), or damming back of blood in the
venous system (“backward failure/diastolic
failure”), or both
Concentric hypertrophy Eccentric hypertrophy
Congenital
abnormalities of
the heart and large
vessels
Pericardial disease
Ectopia cordis
Hydropericardium
Endocardial disease