Glycosides:- Senna and Cascara PDF / PPT

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Description

Glycosides
• Senna

• Cascara

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Content

Glycosides

✓ Source, diagnostic characters, constituents and uses of

Senna and Cascara

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Objectives

• At the end of this lecture, student will be able to

– Discuss the source, diagnostic characters, constituents

and uses of

» Senna

» Cascara

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Anthracene glycosides
✓ Major class of glycosides

✓ Dicots – Euphorbiaceae, polygonaceae, Rhamnaceae, rubiaceae etc

✓ Monocots – Liliaceae

✓ Fungi and lichens

✓ Lower plants – bryophytes, pteridophytes and gymnopserms – devoid

of glycosides

✓ Aglycone – Anthraquinone, anthrone, anthranol, dianthranol,

oxanthrone, dianthrone

✓ In some cases – derived form – Senna, aloe, rhubarb, cascara, etc

✓ Reduced form – anthraquinone as anthranol (brownish yellow) or

anthrone (Plae yellow)
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Anthracene glycosides

Borntrager’s test

✓ Anthraquinone glycosides

✓ Drug + Organic solvent – Organic layer made alkaline with caustic soda

or ammonia, aqueous layer shows pink, red or violet colour

✓ Anthranol – reduced form negative for borntrager’s test

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Senna

Synonym

• Tinnevely senna, Alexandrain senna, Folia senna, Senna leaf, Cassia

senna

Source

• Dried leaflets of Cassia angustifolia (Indina senna) and Cassia

acutifolia (alexandrain senna)

Family

• Leguminosae

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• Type Morphology of Senna

• Colour

• Shape

• Size

• Odour

• Taste

• Petiole

• Margin

• Apex

• Base

• Venation

• Texture www.DuloMix.com 7

 

Microscopy of Senna ✓ Isobilateral
✓ Lamina

Upper epidermis
Mesophyll

Upper palisade
Spongy parenchyma
Lower palisade

Lower epidermis
✓ Midrib
✓ Epidermal layers are continuous
in the midrib
✓ Lower palisade is not in the midrib

✓ Paracytic stomata ✓ Collateral type

✓ Covering trichome ✓ Sclerenchymatous fibres
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Microscopy of Senna

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Powder Characters of Senna

Organoleptic characters: Taste, Colour, odour, taste

• Covering trichome (unicellular)

• Paracytic stomata

• Calcium oxalate (Cluster/prisms)

• Epidermal cells

• Mesophyll

 

Senna
Active Constituents

• Glycosides: Anthracene – Dianthrone glycosides

Sennoside A

Sennoside B Homodianthrones

Sennoside C

Sennoside D Heterodianthrones

• Rhein, emodin, aloe emodin- aglycones

• Flavonoid- Kaempferol glycoside

Use

✓ Laxative in case of habitual constipation

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Cascara

Synonym

Cascara bark, cascara sagrada, sacred bark, chittem bark, cortex

Rhamnus purshianae

Source

Dried bark of Rhamnus purshiana

Family

Rhamnaceae

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Cascara
Macroscopy

✓ Colour – Purplish brown externally,

reddish brown, longitudinal

straitions internally

✓ Odour – Nauseous

✓ Taste – Persistently bitter

✓ Size – 1-4 mm thick, with varying

size

✓ Shape – Broken pieces, small, flat,

quils, channels

✓ Lenticels on the outer surface
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Cascara

Microscopy

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Cascara

Powder microscopy

 

Cascara

Constituents

✓ Fresh drug – anthranol – cause gripping and

emesis

✓ On storage – anthranol oxidises to anthraquinone

✓ Contains both O and C glycosides

✓ Primary glycosides – Cascarosides A, B, C, D

Other constituents

✓ Barbaloin, chrysaloin, dianthrone of emodin, aloe

emodin, chrysophanol

✓ Bitter taste- because of lactone

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Cascara

Test

✓ Modified borntrager’s test

Uses

✓ Small dose – bitter stomachic, tonic

✓ Lage dose – purgative

Substitutes

✓ R. California

✓ R. fallax

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Summary

✓ Senna is an isobilateral leaf

✓ Lamina is differentiated into upper epidermis, upper palisade,

spongy parenchyma, lower palisade and lower epidermis

✓ In midrib, the upper palisade in continuous whereas lower

palisade is interrupted with collenchyma

✓ Crystal sheath and sclerenchymatous sheath are found in the

midrib

✓ Senna contains anthracene types of glycosides

✓ Cascara – Dried bark of Rhamnus purshiana – O and C glycosides

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Thank You
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