Dr. Vijay B. Lambole
Asso. Professor

20-Feb21

1

FOOD
Food is any edible material that supports
growth, repair and maintenance of the body.
Any edible substance that we consume to
fulfill our daily requirement of nutrition is
known as food.

20-Feb21

2

FOOD
What food does in the body does through the
nutrients it contains. The body utilizes these
nutrients to grow and keep healthy and strong.
All nutrients needed by the body are
available through foods.

3

NUTRITION
Nutrition is the process by which body utilizes
food for growth and maintenance and healthy
living.
A science of food and its relationship to health
and concerned with the part played by food
factor (nutrients) in body growth, development
and maintenance.
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4

NUTRITION
Nutrition is the combination of processes by
which the living organism receives & uses
the food materials necessary for growth,
maintenance of functions & repair of
component parts.

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5

OBJECTIVE OF NUTRITION
1. To promote the physical and mental growth

and development of human beings
2. Building and repairing of tissues and cell
damaged by infection and injuries.
3. To provide energy for doing works.
4. To protect the human beings from infections
and deficiency disorders.
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6

CLASSIFICATION OF FOODS
1. Classification of foods by origin
• Foods of plants origin

• Foods of animal origin

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7

CLASSIFICATION OF FOODS
2. Classification of foods by chemicals
• Carbohydrates
• Proteins
• Fats
• Vitamins
• Minerals

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8

CLASSIFICATION OF FOODS
3. Classification of foods by pre-

dominant functions
• Energy supplying food: cereals, sugars,

roots, tubers, fats and oils.
• Body building foods: milk, meat, poultry,
eggs, fish, pulses and groundnuts.
• Repairing and maintenance foods:
Vegetables, fruits, milk.

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9

CLASSIFICATION OF FOODS
4. Foods by sources:

6. Fats and oils,

1. Cereals and

7. Nuts and oil

millets,
2. Legumes (pulses),
3. Green vegetables,
4. Fruits,
5. Meat, Fish, eggs
and milk,
20-Feb21

seeds,
8. Sugar and
jiggery
9. Condiments and
species
10. Others
10

NUTRIENTS
Organic and inorganic complexes contained in
food are called as nutrients.
Useful chemical substances derived
by the body are called nutrients.

from food

Which provides energy, helps to grow well and
normal development and repair of tissues
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11

NUTRIENTS
50 different nutrients supplied by foods to our
body.
Each nutrient has its own specific function.
Most of the foods contain more than one
nutrient.
Nutrients are divided into two parts mainly as
Macro-nutrients and Micronutrients.

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12

MACRONUTRIENTS
These are proteins, fats and carbohydrates
which are often called “Proximate Principles”
because they form the main bulk of food.
For proper utilization of macronutrients needs
micronutrients.
They contribute to the total energy intake as:
Carbohydrates 60-80 %
Fats 10 – 30 %
Proteins 7-15 %
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13

MICRONUTRIENTS
Requires in small quantity and so called
micro-nutrients i.e. vitamins and minerals.
The quantity of nutrients required depends
upon age, sex, weight, physical activity and
health status of the body.

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14

CARBOHYDRATE
Major component of food which is the main source
of energy; providing 4 Kcal/gm
In balanced diet, carbohydrates provide 50-60% of
total calories taken.
In excess, the carbohydrates are converted into
body fat.
Functions: energy production in the body; Useful in
oxidation of fat, growth of useful bacteria,
synthesis of vitamin B complex, absorption of
minerals, prevention of constipation.
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15

CARBOHYDRATE
SOURCE
Starch: cereals, roots and tubers.
Sugars: white sugar, honey, glucose etc.
Cellulose: indigestible contributes to dietary
fibers.
Daily requirements
60-250 grams.
Children:
400 grams
Adolescents:
300 – 700 grams.
Men:
240 – 540 grams.
Women:
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16

PROTEIN
Protein is the building material for all body parts, such
as muscle, brain, blood, skin, hair, nails, bones and
body fluids.
Protein constitutes 20% of adult body weight and
made up of amino acids.

Functions
Acts as Building blocks of

cells and tissues.

Regulates hemoglobin.
Regulates muscle contraction, formation of enzyme,
hormones and other secretions which help synthesis of
enzymes and produces digestive juices and antibodies.

Act as a source of energy: 1gm of protein gives 4
kcal.

20-Feb02/ 10/ 14
21

17

SOURCES OF PROTEIN
There are 2 main sources
of protein.
1. Animal sources: Milk,
eggs,
meat,
fish,
cheese etc.
2. Plant sources: Pulses,
cereals, beans. nuts,
soya bean etc.

20-Feb21

DAILY REQUIREMENTS
Infants <6 months:
Infants 6-12 months:
Child 1-3 yrs:
Child 4-6yrs:
Child 7-9 yrs:
Adolescents 13-15yrs Boys
Adolescents 13-15yrs girls
Adolescents 16-18yrs Boys
Adolescents 16-18yrs girls
Man:
Woman:
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2 gm/day
1.50 gm/day
21 gm/day
29 gm/day
40 gm/day
67 gm/day
62 gm/day
75 gm/day
60 gm/day
60 gm/day
50 gm/day
19

DEFICIENCY DISEASES AND
DISORDERS
Protein deficiency malnutrition:
Kwashiorkor (edema) and Marasmus
(wasting) and also lead to Marasmic
Kwashiorkor.

20-Feb21

20

FATS
Composed of smaller units called fatty acids.
Saturated fatty acids: All animal fats except fish oil.
Unsaturated fatty acids: All vegetable oils except coconut and
palm oils.
Saturated fatty acids are cholesterologenic, i.e. they increase
blood cholesterol level.
Functions
Fats provide energy: 1 gram of fat provides 9 calories of
energy.
Dietary fats supplies essential fatty acids needed for growth
and maintenance of the integrity of the skin.
They maintain our body temperature.
Fats provide support for many organs in our body such as
heart, kidneys, intestine etc.
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21

FATS
Sources
Animal sources: ghee, butter, fat of meat, fish oils
etc.
Vegetable sources: groundnut oil, ginger oil,
mustard oil, cotton seed and nut oil and coconut oil
etc.
Daily requirements
Man:
20-60 gm
Woman:
20-40 gm
Fats and diseases
Obesity, Phrenoderma (rough and dry skin “toad
skin”), Coronary Heart Disease (high intake of
saturated fats), Cancer (Some recent studies show that
high intake of fats increase the risk of colon and
02/10/14
22
intestinal
cancer)
and
Kwashiorkor
.
20-Feb21

VITAMIN A
It is a fat soluble vitamin generally found in two forms:
Retinol and Beta carotene.
Retinol: Present in animal foods: liver, meat, fatty fish,
eggs and milk fat and Beta carotene: Present
especially in plants: dark green leafy vegetables, bright
yellow fruits.
Functions of VitaminA
Important nutrient for normal vision especially in the
dark.
Maintain and help in rebuilding of glandular and
epithelial tissues.
Necessary for normal skeletal growth of human beings.
It also acts as anti-infective agent.
20-Feb21

VITAMIN A
An adult person (men/women/pregnancy) needs 600 µg of
retinol or 2400 µg of β- carotene.
Deficiency:
Night blindness: inability to see in dim light.
Conjunctival Xerosis: conjunctiva becomes dry and nonwettable.
Bitot’s spots: Triangular, pearly-white or yellowish foamy
spots on the bolbular conjunctiva.
Corneal xerosis: The cornea appears dull, dry and non
wettable and in more advanced corneal ulceration.
Keratomalacia: The cornea may become soft and may
burst open.
Corneal Ulcer: Keratomalacia can lead to perforation of
the cornea and corneal ulcer leading to permanent
blindness.
20-Feb21

VITAMIN D
Fat soluble found in two important forms: Calceferol
(D2) and Cholecalceferol (D3).
Calceferol may be derived by plant sterols & ergo sterols;
where as cholocalceferol is found in animal fats and fish
oils.
Sunlight (ultra- violet ray) also converts the cholesterol of
the body skin to vitamin D.
Functions
Promotes the intestinal absorption of calcium and
phosphorus;
Promotes
bones
dissolution
and
mineralization; Prevent from Rickets in children, Increase
the tubular reabsorption of phosphate and variable effect
on reabsorption of calcium. And Facilitates in calcium
deposition in the bones and teeth.
20-Feb21

VITAMIN D
Sources
Sunlight: Vitamin D3 is formed by the exposure of 7dehydrocholesterol, which is present in the skin, to the
ultraviolet ray of the sunlight

Foods: only in food of animal origin. Liver, egg yolk,
butter, cheese and some species of fish.
Daily requirement:
Adult:
2.5 mcg (100 IU)
Deficiency:
Decrease calcium and phosphorus in the blood; low
deposition of calcium phosphate in the growing bones;
Rickets; Oesteomalacia.
20-Feb21

VITAMIN E
Fat soluble vitamin also known as Tocopherol “a
Anti-sterility Vitamin” .
Functions
Acts as an antioxidant and reduce oxidation of
unsaturated fatty acids. Due to anti- neoplastic
effect raises the concentration of high density lipids
cholesterol. With Vitamin E, selenium plays the
role of preventing destruction of lipids by
oxidation. Maintains stability of cell membranes.
when externally applied would minimize wrinkles,
scars and scratch marks.
20-Feb21

VITAMIN E
Sources of Vitamin E
Plants based foods: Vegetable oils, hydrogenated fats,

dark green leafy vegetables, nuts, whole grain, and
legumes. Food rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids are also
rich in vitamin E.
Daily Requirements:
Adults:
10mg (15IU)
Deficiency:
Deficiency is usually not found as in almost many
vegetables foods have Vitamin E.
Loss of reflexes, ataxia of trunks and limbs, muscle
weaknesses.
Among premature babies, presence of hemolytic anemia.
Associated with habitual abortion.
20-Feb21

VITAMIN K
Cofactor of enzyme and acts as the catalyst for the
formation of prothrombin. Two types Phylloquinone –
K1 and Manaquinone – K2.
Vitamin K1 is found in fresh and dark green leafy
vegetables where as Vitamin K2 by the synthesis of
bacterias in the intestines.
Destroyed by freezing, by mineral oils and rancid fats.
Functions
Essential Vitamin for the formation of prothrombin.
Stimulates the production of coagulation factors.
Synthesize the required protein for the human body.
Acts as the catalyst for activating the enzyme.
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VITAMIN K
Deficiency
Hemorrhage, bleeding disorders.
Increased risk of hemorrhage among premature or in
the new born babies with complicated labour.
Daily requirement:
0.03 mg/kg body weight for adults.
Sources:
Found in fresh green vegetables and fruits. Dark
green leafy vegetables, Cabbage, Cauliflower, are
richest source. Also found in liver and cow milk .
20-Feb21

VITAMIN C
It is known as Ascorbic acid. It is a water soluble vitamin.
It is most unstable of all Vitamins and rapidly destroyed by
high temperature, oxidation, drying or storage.
Functions: Vitamin C is the potent antioxidant and has an
important role in tissue oxidation. It helps to increase the
general resistance of the body to fight infections.
Involves in absorption, mobilization, distribution, and
intoxication of metal ions.
Helps transfer of iron from plasma into tissues and store
in bone marrow, spleen and liver
Protects eyes and lungs from oxidizing agents.
Reduces oxidation of low density lipoprotein and also
Vitamin A& E.
20-Feb21

VITAMIN C
Deficiency: Scurvy among children during 6 to 18
months of age; Conjunctival haemorrhage;
Bleeding of gums and petechiae of skin (round ,
purplish red spot); Frequent diarrhoea, fever,
vomiting due decrease in body’s general resistance
to infections.
Sources: Almost all citrus fruits have Vitamin C.
Also include tomatoes, green leafy vegetables,
cabbage, germinating legumes Liver and kidney. It
is destroyed by cooking
Daily requirements: 40 mg/day for adult
20-Feb21

VITAMIN B1 (THIAMINE)
It is a water soluble vitamin. It is relatively stable at
heat but is destroyed in neutral or alkaline solution.
Functions: It plays an important part in carbohydrate
metabolism. It is essential for the proper functioning of
the nervous system.
Sources: Richest source: unmilled cereals, pulses and
nuts. Poor source: Meat, fish, eggs, liver, dark green
leafy vegetables, fruits, dried yeast. Milk is important
source for infants.
Daily Requirement: 1-2 Mg. per day or 0.5 mg. per 1000
kcal of energy intake.
Deficiency: Beri Beri (most common in only rice
feeding community especially polished rice).
20-Feb21

VITAMIN B2 (RIBOFLAVIN)
Functions: It involves protein, fat & Carbohydrate
metabolism. Fundamental role in cellular oxidation .
Cofactors of various enzymes which plays the metabolism to
form the energy. Synthesize the glycogen and erythropoiesis
which changes the pyridoxines and folic acids to the
coenzymes. Helps in oxidation of fatty acids and transport
H+
Sources: Milk and milk products, eggs, liver, green leafy
vegetables are good sources. Wheat, millet and pulses are
fair sources. Rice is a poor source. Germinating pulses also
furnish riboflavin. Riboflavin is synthesized by bacteria is
the large intestine.
Daily requirement is 1-2 mg or 0.6 mg. per 1000 Kcal intake.
Deficiency: confined skin (cracks), and mucosa, glossitis ,
s020-Febc2/a10/l1y4 dermatitis, circumcorneal vascularization and kerati3t4 is,
21

VITAMIN B3 (NIACIN)
Function: It is required by the body for the utilization
of carbohydrates and tissue respiration. Essential for
normal functions of skin, gastrointestinal and nervous
system. Helps in synthesis of DNA and its repairment.
Controls blood cholesterol and lipids.
Sources: Rich in whole grain cereals, nuts, pulses,
meat, liver and chicken, dried yeast, ground nuts.
Poor source in maize.
Daily Requirements: 20 mg. per day or 6.6 mg per
1000 calorie intake.
Deficiency: gastrointestinal disorder, diarrhoea, loss of
appetite,
nausea,
vomiting,
neurological
manifestation, loss of memory, pigmented scaly skin,
cracks of hand and neck.
20-Feb21

VITAMIN B6 (PYRIDOXINE)
It plays an important role in the metabolism of
amino acids, fats and carbohydrates.
Daily requirements: 1.5- 2 mg per day.
Sources: Liver, meat, fish, whole cereals and
legumes.
Deficiency is generally unusual as most of the
foods like meat, fish, legumes, and cereals contain
pyridoxine. But in some cases may have clinical
manifestation of convulsion, loss of weight and
abdominal distress.
20-Feb21

Vitamin B12 (CYNOCOBALAMINE)
It is necessary for synthesis of DNA and also fatty acids.
It is required for carbohydrate, fat and protein
metabolism.
It is used for making red blood cells.
Sources: Liver, eggs, fish and milk. It loses its potency
when over cooked.
Daily requirement:- 1 microgram for adult. And 0.2-1
microgram for children.
Deficiency: Megaloblastic anemia (pernicious anemia)
and impairing of DNA thus leading to formation of
immatured RBCs causing anemia.
20-Feb21

FOLICACID
It is essential for DNASynthesis.
Needed for making red blood cells.
Sources: Green leaves, vegetables, liver, egg,
pulses, cereals, nuts, whole grains and oil
seeds.
Daily Requirements
Adults: 100 micro grams per day.
pregnant women: 300 micrograms
For lactating women additional 150
micrograms.
Children need 100micrograms.
20-Feb21

MINERALS
Inorganic chemical elements present
throughout the body in varying amounts.
Act as co-factors of enzymes for metabolism.
Form part of the structure of body tissues,
such as bones, teeth and nails, blood, nerves
and muscles.
Vital to physical and mental development.
They also help protect the body against
infections.
Meat, fish, milk, cheese, green leafy vegetables
and legumes provide most of the minerals
needed by the body.
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Mineral

Function
Calcium Mineralization of bones and teeth; regulator of many of
the body’s biochemical processes; involved in blood
clotting, muscle contraction and relaxation, nerve
function, blood pressure and immune defenses.
Phosphor Mineralization of bones and teeth; part of every cell;
used in energy transfer and maintenance of acid-base
ous
balance.
Sodium
Maintains normal fluid and electrolyte balance, assists
nerve impulse initiation and muscle contraction.

Chloride

Maintains normal fluid and electrolyte balance.

Chromiu
m
Copper

Works with insulin and is required for release of energy
from glucose.
Necessary for absorption and use of iron in the formation
of hemoglobin.

20-Feb21

Fluoride Involved in the formation of dental enamel and prevents
dental caries; involved in the formation of teeth and
skeleton and inhibits osteoporosis in old age.
Iodine

As part of the two thyroid hormones, iodine regulates
growth, physical and mental development and metabolic
rate.

Iron

Essential in the formation of blood; involved in the
transport and storage of oxygen in the blood and is a
cofactor bound to several non-heme enzymes required for
the proper functioning of cells.

Sulfur

Integral part of vitamins, biotin and thiamin, as well as the
hormone insulin.
Zinc
Essential for normal growth, development, reproduction
and immunity.
Magnesi Involved in bone formation and tissue energy metabolism.
um
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BALANCED DIET:
A balanced diet is defined as one which contains a
variety of foods in such quantities and proportions
that the need for energy, amino acids, vitamins,
minerals, fats, carbohydrates and other nutrients is
adequately met for maintaining health, vitality and
general well-being and also makes small provisions
for extra nutrients to withstand short duration of
leanness. A balanced diet is the accepted means to
safeguard
a population
from
nutritional
deficiencies.
20-Feb21

The dietary goals recommended
by WHO
Dietary fats should be limited to approximately
15-30% of daily intake of energy.
Saturated fats should contribute no more than
10% of total energy intake. Remaining fats
requirement should replace by the unsaturated
fats.
Excessive consumption of refined carbohydrates
should be avoided and some amount of
carbohydrate rich in natural fibers should be
taken.
20-Feb21

The dietary goals recommended
by WHO
Sources rich in energy such as fats and
alcohols should be avoided.
Salt intake should not increase more than 5
gm/day.
Protein should be at-least 15-20% of total
energy intake.
Junk foods such as colas, ketchup that
supply empty calories should be reduced.
20-Feb21

RECOMMENDED BALANCED DIET
Food item

Adult man (gm)

Adult woman (gm)

Sedimentary

Sedimentary Moderate

Moderate Heavy

Cereals

460

520

670

410

440

pulses

40

50

60

40

45

green leafy vegetable

40

40

40

100

100

other vegetables

60

70

80

40

40

Roots and tubers

50

60

80

50

50

Milk and milk
products
Oils and fats

150

200

250

100

150

40

45

65

20

25

Fruits

60

60

60

60

60

Sugar and jaggery

30

35

55

20

20

20-Feb21

FOOD PYRAMID
The Food Guide Pyramid is an outline of what
to eat each day based on the Dietary
Guidelines. It provides a general guide that
lets you choose a healthy diet that’s right for
you. The Pyramid calls for eating a variety of
foods to get the nutrients you need and at the
same time, the right amount of calories to
maintaining healthy and physical wellbeing.
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THE FOOD PYRAMID

20-Feb21

Thank

20-Feb21

ou…

FOOD HYGIENE
Food is the major source of infection and
possible to contaminate by microorganism
during
its
production,
handling,
distribution, storing, and serving of all
types of food. Basic concept of food hygiene
is to prevent food poisoning and food borne
diseases.

20-Feb21

FOOD HYGIENE
Food hygiene can be defined as “ all condition and
measures that are necessary during the production,
processing, storage, preparation and distribution of
food to ensure that is safe, sound, wholesome and
fit for human consumption.”
– World Health Organization
Food hygiene may be defined as sanitary science,
which aims to produce food that is safe and good
keeping quality. It implies hygiene in production,
handling, distribution and serving of all kinds of
foods.
20-Feb21

FOOD HYGIENE
The primary aim of food hygiene is to prevent food
poisoning and other food borne illness.
Safe food:
Containing no harmful microorganism
Containing no parasites
Containing no toxin such afalotoxins
Containing no harmful chemical such as pesticides

food and water became contaminated when micro
organism are carried in food out by:
Hand; flies, cockroaches & other insects; rates, mites and
other animals; and dirty container and dishes.
20-Feb21

MILK HYGIENE
Source of infection: dairy animal ,
human handling , environment.
Milk borne diseases:
1. Infection of animals that transmits to man:
Tuberculosis, Brucellosis, Staphylococcus
infection, Staphylococcus enterotoxin poisoning,
Salmonellosis, Q fever , Anthrax, Cow pox, foot and
mouth
disease,
Leptosperosis, tick borne
encephalitis.
2. Directly transmitting disease to man from milk:
typhoid,
paratyphoid,
cholera,
shigellosis,
tuberculosis, viral hepatitis, diphtheria,
staphylococcal, streptococcal food poisoning etc.
20-Feb21

MILK HYGIENE
Cleanliness and safety of milk
Production of clean and safemilk
premises of cattle and sanitation of milking
Methylene Blue Reduction test: adding MB to
milk and kept at uniform temp. of 370 c and
observed the blue colour
Pasteurization of milk: heating a milk to such
temperature and for such period of time as
are
required to destroy any pathogen that may present
while causing minimal changes in the composition,
flavor and nutritive value. Three methods: Holder
method, High temperature short time (HTST)
method and Ultra high temperature (UHT) method
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53

MEAT HYGIENE
Problems associated with unhygienic
meat: Tape worm: Tinea solium, T. saginata, T.
spiralis, F. hepatica and Bacterial infection:
Anthrax, actinomycosis and food poisoning.

Meat inspection: Purpose of ante-mortem
rejection: exhaustion, pregnancy, sheep-pox,
brucellosis, febrile conditions, diarrhea, and other
infectious diseases and while postmortem
rejection: cysticercus bovis, tape worm larva,
liver fluke, abscesses, septicemia, parasitic and
nodular infection .

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54

MEAT HYGIENE
The characteristics of good meat are:
1. Neither pink nor deep purple
2.Should be firm and elastic to touch.
3.Should not be excess of fluids which indicates

oedema
4. Has an agreeable odour
5.Reaction should be acidic

The characteristics of ill animal are: loss

of
appetite, offensive odour from breath, hanging head,
slow movement, febrile, loss of gloss, dry nostril or
abnormal discharge, dull, watery and congested
eyes, dribbling saliva, blown abdomen, diarrhoea or
blood in stool, nodules or wound in the skin.

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55

MEAT HYGIENE
Slaughter houses:
1. location: away from residential area
2. structure of the spot: clean floor
and wall
3. disposal of wastes: no into public
sewers, collected separately.
4. water supply: independent,
adequate and continuous.
5. Examination of animals:
antimortem and postmortem
6. Storage of meat: temp. <5 degree
C, fly proof, rat proof.
7. Transportation of meat: flyproof
and covered van.
8. No entrance of other animals
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56

FISH AND EGGHYGIENE
FISH HYGIENE:
Problems by unhygienic fish: Tape worm,
viral hepatitis, oysters, schistosomiasis, fish
poisoning.
Sign of fresh fish are: it is in a state of stiffness
or rigor mortis, the gills are bright red and
the eyes are clear and prominent.
EGG HYGIENE: salmonella can penetration
from cracks and chances of contamination.
Should be clean without fecal matters.
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57

Food Hygiene during preparation,
processing and storage andconsumption
Steps of preparation:
• Cleaning with water
• Chopping, cutting
• Frying, cooking

Affects of food preparation:
• Loss of water soluble vitamins
• Loss of essential minerals
• Loss of digestibility, absorption

and metabolic inefficiency
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58

Contd..
Processing and storage:
• Milling, packing, drying, transporting
• Processing of making jams, jelly, pickles and

canned foods
• Additives
• Storing

Affects of processing on nutrients
• Loss of nutrients, Food toxicities, Indigestion,

Damages and adulteration
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59

Contd..
Consumption
Personal hygiene, Utensils, spoon and fork,
handling, Employees with infectious
diseases and
Employees with External infections like
wounds, otitis media, and skin diseases.
Affects during consumption
• Infectious disease
• Worm infestation
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60

FOOD BORNE DISEASE
The term food borne disease defined as “A
disease usually either infectious or toxic in
nature, caused by agents that enter the
body through the ingestion of food.”
Food borne disease can be classified as
food borne infection and food borne
intoxicants.

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61

A. FOOD BORNE INFECTION
Groups

Diseases

Bacterial
Diseases

Typhoid fever, Paratyphoid fever,
Salmonellosis, Staphylococcal intoxication,
Cl. Perfringens illness, Botulism, B cereus,
Food poisoning, E coli Diarrhoea,
Streptococcal infection, shigellosis,
Brucellosis etc.
Viral Hepatitis, Gastroenteritis

Viral
Diseases
Parasitic
Disease
20-Feb21

Taeniasis, Hydatiosis, Trichinosis, Ascariasis,
Amobiasis, Oxyuriasis
62

B. FOODBORNE INTOXICANT S
1. Due to naturally occurring toxin in some food
Letharism: due Beta oxalyl amino-alanine
(neurotoxin) caused by consumption of khesari
daal.
b. Endemic asitis: due to pyrolizine alkaloid
(hepatotoxin) caused by consumption of
Crotolaria (jhunjuniya).
c. Epidemic
dropsy:
due
to
sangunarine
(hepatotoxins) caused
by
consumption
of
Argimone oil (Argimona maxicana-prickly poppy).
a.

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63

FOODBORNE INTOXICANTS
2. Due to toxin produced by certain bacteria

Staphylococcus food poisoning
b. Batulism food poisoning
c. Bacilus cerus food poisoning
d. Cl. Perfringes food poisoning
a.

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64

FOODBORNE INTOXICANTS
3. Due to toxin produced by some fungi

Aflotoxin: caused by myotoxins produced by
certain species of Asperigilus ( A. flavus & A.
parasiticus) during storage of food grains. Mostly
it is potent hepatotoxins.
b. Ergotism: caused by ergot fungus (Cleviceps
fusiformis) due to due consumption of infected
grains.
c. Fusarium toxin: Caused by consumption of food
grains infected with fusarism.
a.

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65

FOODBORNE INTOXICANTS
4. Food borne chemical poisoning:
a.
b.

c.
d.

e.

20-Feb21

Heavy metal (Mercury: usually in fish),
Oil &petroleum derivatives and solvents.
Asbestos: certain types of fibrous materials
Pesticides residues (DDT, BHC, Malathion)
Migrant chemical from package materials
(Cupper, Zinc & Antimony: leaching of
containers by acid foods).

66

FOODPOISONING
Food poisoning is an acute gastroenteritis caused by
ingestion of food and drink either living bacteria or
their toxins or inorganic chemical substances and
poisons derived from plants and animals.
It is characterized by:
History of ingestion of common food
Attack of many person at the same time
Similarity in sign and symptoms in the majority of cases

It is of two types:
Bacterial: living bacteria or their toxins
Nonbacterial: chemicals, fertilizers, pesticides, mercury,
cadmium, arsenic etc.
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Thank you.

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FATS
Fats are composed of Carbon, hydrogen and
oxygen.
They are composed of smaller units called
fatty acids.
Some fats such as ground nut oil, gingerly oil
are liquid at room temperature.
Insoluble in water but soluble in organic
compounds like ether, benzene or chloroform.
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CLASSIFICATION OF
FATS
Fats are classified as
Simple lipids: triglycerides
Compound lipids: phospholipids
Derived lipids: cholesterol

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FATTY ACIDS
Fats yield fatty acids and glycerol on hydrolysis.
Saturated fatty acids:
Unsaturated fatty acids:
Monounsaturated and
Polyunsaturated fatty acids.

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FATTY ACIDS
All animal fats contain saturated fatty acids
except fish oil.
All vegetable oils contain polyunsaturated fatty
acids except coconut and palm oils.
Saturated fatty acids are cholesterologenic, i.e.
they increase blood cholesterol level.
Since high blood cholesterol is a risk factor for
coronary heart disease, diet rich in preformed
cholesterol and saturated fat is to taken with
caution after a certain age.
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ESSENTIAL FATTY ACIDS
Those fatty acids which cannot be synthesized
by human body and derived only from food are
called EFAs.
These are linoleic acid, arachidonic acid,
linolenic acids and eichosapentaenoic acids.
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FUNCTIONS OF FATS
1. Fats provide energy: 1 gram of fat provides 9

calories of energy i.e., twice the number of
calories from carbohydrates and proteins.
2. Carries of fat soluble vitamins: Vitamin
A,D,E, and K.
3. Dietary fats supplies essential fatty acids are
needed for growth and maintenance of the
integrity of the skin.
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FUNCTIONS OF FATS
4. They maintain our body temperature.
5. Fats provide support for many organs in our

body such as heart, kidneys, intestine etc.
6. Foods containing fats provides taste to diet.

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SOURCES OF FATS
Dietary fats are derived from 2 main sources.
1. Animal sources: ghee, butter, fat of meat, fish
oils etc.
2. Vegetable sources: various vegetable oils
such as groundnut oil, ginger oil, mustard oil,
cotton seed and nut oil and coconut oil etc.

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FAT REQUIREMENT
WHO Expert Committee on prevention
of
coronary heart disease has recommended only
20-30% of total dietary energy should be fats.
Indian council of Medical Research (1989) has
recommended a daily intake not more than
20% of total dietary through fats.
Saturated fats should contribute no more than
10% of total energy intake.
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DAILY REQUIREMENTS
Children:
Adolescents:
Man:
Woman:
Pregnant Woman:
Lactating women:

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25 gm
22 gm
20 gm
20 gm
30 gm
45 gm

FATS AND DISEASES
Obesity, Phrenoderma (rough and dry skin
“toad skin”), Coronary Heart Disease (high
intake of saturated fats), Cancer (Some recent
studies show that high intake of fats increase
the risk of colon and intestinal cancer) and
Kwashiorkor .

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MEASUREMENT OF ENERGY
Calories are used to measure energy. We use calories to measure how much energy is there in
certain foods. We use calories also to measure how
much energy a person needs(energy requirements)
Nutrients that provide calories, and the
amounts are as follows:One Gram of Carbohydrate provides 4 calories.
One Gram of proteins provides 4 calories.
One Gram of fats provides 9 calories.

MEASUREMENT OF ENERGY
Note that proteins are not including in “energy
foods” because their main use is for body building; what is left over from requirements
for body building and repair can be used as
fuel for energy.