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GPAT Online Class for B Pharm students
Human Anatomy and Physiology part -1
(Reproductive system)
By
Dr. K. SOMASEKHAR REDDY, M. Pharm., Ph. D
Associate Professor and Head
Department of Pharmacology
Raghavendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and
Research (RIPER) – Autonomous, Ananthapuramu
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• The reproductive system of both males and females
consists of primary (or essential) organs and secondary
(or accessory) organs.
• The primary organs are referred to as “Gonads”. ( The
female gonads are the ovaries, the male gonads are the
testes.
• The primary function /responsibility of the gonads is
secretion of hormones and production of gametes (ova
& sperm.)
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• Secondary organs are responsible for transporting and
nourishing the ova and sperm as well as preserving and
protecting the fertilized eggs
• Male reproductive system
• The primary roles of the male reproductive system are…
Production and transportation of sperm.
• Deposit of sperm in the female reproductive tract and
Secretion of hormones
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Male reproductive system
• The reproductive system in men has components in the
abdomen, pelvis, and perineum.
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• MALE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS
External Genital Organs
1. Penis 2. Scrotum
Internal Genital Organs
1. Testis 2. Ducts (Epididymis, Duct deference, ejaculatory
duct, Urethra)
4. Accessory Glands
a. Seminal Vesicles (pair) b. Prostate Gland (single)
c. Bulbourethral Glands (pair)
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• Penis SIRO- DSIR
• is a cylindrical pendant organ located anterior to the
scrotum and functions to transfer sperm to the vagina.
• consists of three columns of erectile tissue that are
wrapped in connective tissue and covered with skin. The
two dorsal columns are the corpora cavernosa. The
single, midline ventral column surrounds the urethra and
is called the corpus spongiosum.
• 3 parts: a root, body (shaft), and glans penis.
• The root of the penis attaches it to the pubic arch.
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the body is the visible, pendant portion.
• The corpus spongiosum expands at the distal end to
form the glans penis.
• The urethra, which extends throughout the length of the
corpus spongiosum, opens through the external urethral
orifice at the tip of the glans penis. A loose fold of skin,
called the prepuce, or foreskin, covers the glans penis.
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• Erection
• Involves increase in length, width & firmness
• Changes in blood supply: arterioles dilate, veins constrict
• The spongy erectile tissue fills with blood
• Erectile Dysfunction [ED] also known as impotence
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Scrotum SIRO- DSIR
• consists of skin and subcutaneous tissue
• A vertical septum, of subcutaneous tissue in the center
divides it into two parts, each containing one testis.
• Smooth muscle fibers, called the dartos muscle, in the
subcutaneous tissue contract to give the scrotum its
wrinkled appearance. When these fibers are relaxed, the
scrotum is smooth.
• the cremaster muscle, consists of skeletal muscle fibers
and controls the position of the scrotum and testes.
When it is cold or a man is sexually aroused, this muscle
contracts to pull the testes closer to the body fo warmth.
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Testes SIRO- DSIR
• Each testis is an oval structure about 5 cm long and 3 cm
in diameter
• Covered by: tunica albuginea
• Located in the scrotum
• There are about 250 lobules in each testis. Each contains
1 to 4 -seminiferous tubules that converge to form a
single straight tubule, which leads into the rete testis.
• Short efferent ducts exit the testes.
• Interstitial cells (cells of Leydig), which produce male sex
hormones, are located between the seminiferous
tubules within a lobule.
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Sperm cells pass through a series of ducts to reach the
outside of the body. After they leave the testes, the
sperm passes through the epididymis, ductus deferens,
ejaculatory duct, and urethra.
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• Epididymis SIRO- DSIR
• a long tube (about 6 meters) located along the superior
and posterior margins of the testes.
• Sperm that leave the testes are immature and incapable
of fertilizing ova. They complete their maturation
process and become fertile as they move through the
epididymis. Mature sperm are stored in the lower
portion, or tail, of the epididymis
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Ductus Diferens (Vas Diferens) SIRO- DSIR
A fibromuscular tube that is continuous with the
epididymis.
• Enters the abdominopelvic cavity through the inguinal
canal and passes along the lateral pelvic wall, behind
bladder & toward the prostate gland. Just before it
reaches the prostate gland, each ductus deferens
enlarges to form an ampulla.
• Sperm are stored in the proximal portion of the ductus
deferens, near the epididymis
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• Ejaculatory Duct
• Each ductus deferens, at the ampulla, joins the duct
from the adjacent seminal vesicle (one of the accessory
glands) to form a short ejaculatory duct.
• Each ejaculatory duct passes through the prostate gland
and empties into the urethra.
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Urethra
• extends from the urinary bladder to the external urethral
orifice at the tip of the penis.
• It is a passageway for sperm and fluids from the
reproductive system and urine from the urinary system.
• divided into three regions: The prostatic urethra, the
membranous urethra & the penile urethra (also called
spongy urethra or cavernous urethra).
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Accessory glands NBA (UG)
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are the seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and the
bulbourethral glands. These glands secrete fluids that
enter the urethra.
Seminal vesicles
• glands posterior to the urinary bladder.
• Each has a short duct that joins with the ductus deferens
at the ampulla to form an ejaculatory duct, which then
empties into the urethra.
• The fluid is viscous and contains fructose, prostaglandins
and proteins
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Prostate glands
• a firm, dense structure about the size of a walnut that is
located just inferior to the urinary bladder.
• encircles the urethra as it leaves the urinary bladder.
• Numerous short ducts from the prostate gland empty
into the prostatic urethra. The secretions of the prostate
are thin, milky colored, and alkaline. They function to
enhance the motility of the sperm.
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Bulbourethral glands (Cowper’s)
• small, about the size of a pea, and located near the base
of the penis. A short duct from each enters the proximal
end of the penile urethra.
• In response to sexual stimulation, the bulbourethral
glands secrete an alkaline mucus-like fluid
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Seminal fluid or semen
• a slightly alkaline mixture of sperm cells and secretions
from the accessory glands.
• Secretions from the seminal vesicles make up about 60
percent of the volume of the semen, with most of the
remainder coming from the prostate gland. The sperm
and secretions from the bulbourethral gland contribute
only a small volume.
• The volume of semen in a single ejaculation may vary
from 1.5 to 6.0 ml. There are between 50 to 150 million
spermatocytes per milliliter of semen. Sperm counts
below 10 to 20 million per milliliter usually present
fertility problems.
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Hormones
• Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) stimulates
spermatogenesis
• Interstitial Cell Stimulating Hormone (ICSH) stimulates
the production of testosterone
• testosterone stimulates the development of male
secondary sex characteristics & spermatogenesis.
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• To move and carry genetic information to the egg.
Structure
Head: The large head, region of the sperm that
contains DNA. The tip of the head is covered by an
acrosome, which contains enzymes that help the sperm
penetrate the female gamete
Midpiece: The narrow middle part of the cell that
contains mitochondria.
Tail: The wavelike motion of the flagellum propels
the sperm forward.
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Spermatogenesis
Spermatogenesis is the formation of sperm cells.
It takes place in the seminiferous tubules.
Interspersed within the tubules are large cells which are
the sustentacular cells (Sertoli’s cells), which support and
nourish the other cells.
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• Early in embryonic development, primordial germ cells
enter the testes and differentiate into spermatogonia
• Spermatogonia are diploid cells, each with 46
chromosomes (23 pairs) located around the periphery of
the seminiferous tubules.
• At puberty, hormones stimulate these cells to begin
dividing by mitosis. Some remain at the periphery as
spermatogonia.
• Others become primary spermatocytes. Because they
are produced by mitosis, primary spermatocytes, like
spermatogonia, are diploid and have 46 chromosomes.
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FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
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• The female reproductive system is designed to NBA (UG)
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carry out several functions.
• 4 is the normal pH of the vagina.
• 40 weeks is the normal gestation period.
• 400 oocytes released between menarche and
• menopause.
• 400,000 oocytes present at puberty.
• 28 days in a normal menstrual cycle.
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OOGENESIS- The development of the egg (ovum) in the
ovary.
OOGONIA: during fetal growth the oogonia (2n) divide to
form primary oocytes (2n), at puberty these will form
secondary oocytes (n) and later eggs (n) each month.
GRANULOSA CELLS: nourish the developing egg cells
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Functions
• Produce sex hormones
Estrogen, Progesterone
• Produce egg (ova)
• Reception of spermatozoa
• Support & protect developing embryo
• Give birth to new baby
• Lactation, the production of breast milk, which provides
complete nourishment for the baby in its early life.
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Female external genitalia AUTONOMOUS
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• Vulva is the term given to the female external genitNaBAl (iUaG.)SIRO- DSIR
The vulva includes: Mons pubis, Labia majora, Labia
minora, Clitoris, Urethral opening, Vaginal opening,
Perineum
• MONS PUBIS
• The triangular mound of fatty tissue that covers the
pubic bone
• It protects the pubic symphysis
• During adolescence sex hormones trigger the growth of
pubic hair on the mons pubis
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• Labia majora or “greater lips” are the part around the
vagina
• containing two glands (Bartholin’s glands) which helps
lubrication during intercourse.
• Labia minora or “lesser lips” are the thin hairless ridges
at the entrance of the vagina, which joins behind and in
front. In front they split to enclose the clitoris.
• The clitoris is a small pea shaped structure. It plays an
important part in sexual excitement in females
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• The small penis-like structure.
• Highly sensitive organ composed of nerves, blood
vessels, and erectile tissue.
• It is made up of a shaft and a glans.
• The urethral orifice or external urinary opening is below
the clitoris on the upper wall of the vagina and is the
passage for urine.
• Opening of the vagina is separate from the urinary
opening and located below it.
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• The hymen is a thin cresentic fold of tissue which
partially covers the opening of the vagina
• PERINEUM
• The muscle and tissue located between the vaginal
opening and anal canal.
• It supports and surrounds the lower parts of the urinary
and digestive tracts.
• The perinium contains an abundance of nerve endings
that make it sensitive to touch.
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Female internal genitalia
The internal genitalia consists of the:
Vagina
Uterus
Fallopian Tubes
Ovaries
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• Vagina = “birth canal”
A tube like, muscular but elastic organ
About 4 to 5 inches long in an adult woman.
PH- 4 acidic
It is the passageway for sperm to the egg and for
menstrual bleeding
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Uterus
• The uterus is a thick-walled, muscular, pear-shaped
organ
• Located in the middle of the pelvis, behind the bladder,
and in front of the rectum. The uterus is anchored in
position by several ligaments.
• The uterus consists of the cervix and the main body
(corpus).
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• The cervix is the lower part of the uterus, SIwROh- DiScIRh
protrudes into the upper part of the vagina. It can be
seen during a pelvic examination. Like the vagina, the
cervix is lined with a mucous membrane, but the
mucous membrane of the cervix is smooth.
• Sperm can enter and menstrual blood can exit the uterus
through a channel in the cervix (cervical canal).
• There is dramatic growth of the uterus during pregnancy,
• occurring by a process of both muscle cell hyperplasia
and production of new muscle cells from the resident
stem cells.
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• The cervical canal is usually narrow, but during laboNrA,ACt &h
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canal widens to let the baby through.
• The cervix is usually a good barrier against bacteria,
except around the time an egg is released by the ovaries
(ovulation), during the menstrual period, or during labor.
Functions
• The main function of the uterus is to sustain a
developing fetus.
• It prepare for this possibility for each month.
• At termination of pregnancy it expels the uterine
contents.
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Layers
• ENDOMETRIUM: inner lining of uterus, nourishes
developing embryo, built up each month for pregnancy,
if not, shed during menstruation
• MYOMETRIUM: muscular, supports fetus, contracts at
birth and to shed the endometrium during menstruation
• PERIMETRIUM: The perimetrium is a serous membrane
that lines the outside of the uterus.
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Fallopian tubes (or) Oviducts NAAC &
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• Stretch from the uterus to the ovaries and measure
about 8 to 13 cm in length.
• The ends of the fallopian tubes lying next to the ovaries
feather into ends called fimbria.
• Millions of tiny hair-like cilia line the fimbria and interior
of the fallopian tubes.
• The cilia beat in waves hundreds of times a second
catching the egg at ovulation and moving it through the
tube to the uterine cavity.
• Fertilization typically occurs in the fallopian tube.
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Ovaries NBA (UG)
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• The ovaries are usually pearl-colored, oblong, and about
the size of a walnut.
• They are attached to the uterus by ligaments. In
addition to producing female sex hormones ( estrogen
and progesterone ) and male sex hormones, the ovaries
produce and release eggs.
• The developing egg cells (oocytes) are contained in fluid-
filled cavities (follicles) in the wall of the ovaries. Each
follicle contains one oocyte.
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Structure NBA (UG)
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Medulla
Cortex
MEDULLA
• supporting frame work
• Made of fibrous tissue
• Has ovarian blood vessels
• Lymphatics and nerve travels through it
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• CORTEX AUTONOMOUS
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• Functioning part of the ovum SIRO- DSIR
• Contains ovarian follicals in different stage
• Ovulation
• Process of releasing one mature ovum each month into
that ovary’s fallopian tube
• Hormones from pituitary cause ovaries to begin
producing female sex hormones
• Ova begin to mature
• Ovum can live about 2 days in fallopian tube
• One sperm will enter ovum =fertilization/conception
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• If the ovum is not fertilized it doesn’t attach to the
uterine lining/endometrium. Muscles of the uterus
contract, lining breaks down (“cramps”), Lining passes
through the cervix into the vagina and out of the vaginal
opening
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• The mammary glands are sweat glands specialized for
the production of milk.
• The milk-producing secretory cells form walls of bulb-
shaped chambers called alveoli that join together with
ducts, in grapelike fashion, to form clusters called
lobules.
• Numerous lobules assemble to form a lobe. Each breast
contains a single mammary gland consisting of 15 to 20
of these lobes.
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• Lactiferous ducts leading away from the lobes widen into
• lactiferous sinuses that serve as temporary reservoirs for
milk.
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• If the ovum is not fertilized it doesn’t attach to the
uterine lining/endometrium. Muscles of the uterus
contract, lining breaks down (“cramps”), Lining passes
through the cervix into the vagina and out of the vaginal
opening
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• If the ovum is not fertilized it doesn’t attach to the
uterine lining/endometrium. Muscles of the uterus
contract, lining breaks down (“cramps”), Lining passes
through the cervix into the vagina and out of the vaginal
opening
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NORMAL MENSTRUAL CYCLE
mean duration of the MC
Mean 28 days (only 15% of )
Range 21-35
average duration of menses 3-8 days
normal estimated blood loss Approximately 30 ml
ovulation occur
Usually day 14
36 hrs after the onset of mid-cycle LH surge
NORMAL MENSTRUAL CYCLE
the phases of the MC & ovulation regulates by:
Interaction between hypothalamus, pituitary & ovaries
mean age of menarche & menopause are: Menarche
12.7
Menopause 51.4
The Cycle
• Strongly linked to the endocrine system
(hormone based and paracrine based)
• Typically takes 28 days to cycle through 4
phases
– Follicular
– Ovulation
– Luteal
– Menstruation
• Hormones raise and fall
Ovulation
Follicular
• Begins when estrogen levels are low
• Anterior pituitary secretes FSH and LH,
stimulation follicle to develop
• Cells around egg enlarge, releasing
estrogen
• This causes this uterine lining to thicken
Ovulation
• LH and FSH still being released, for
another 3-4 days
• Follicle ruptures, releasing ova into
the Fallopian tubes
Luteal
• Now empty follicle changes to a yellow
colour, becomes corpus luteum
• Continues to secrete estrogen, but now
beings to release progesterone
• Progesterone further develops uterine
lining
• If pregnant, embryo will release hormones
to preserve corpus luteum
Menstruation
• Menstruation
• If no embryo, the corpus luteum begins to
disintegrate
• Progesterone levels drop, uterine lining
detaches, menstruation can begin
• Tissue, blood, unfertilized egg all
discharged
• Can take from 3-7 days
RIPER
AUTONOMOUS
NAAC &
NBA (UG)
SIRO- DSIR
THANK YOU ONE AND ALL
Raghavendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research – Autonomous
K.R.Palli Cross, Chiyyedu, Anantapuramu, A. P- 515721