Pharmacy Exam
Guide
Step I
PHYSIOLOGY-I
st
1 Edition
(p1c4)
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DISCLAIMER
Care has been taken to confirm the accuracy of the information present and to describe
generally accepted practices. However, the authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible
for errors or omissions or for any consequences from application of the information in this
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completeness, or accuracy of the contents of the publication. Application of this information
in a particular situation remains the professional responsibility of the practitioner; the clinical
treatments described and recommended may not be considered absolute and universal
recommendations.
Blood 1
Chapter 1 Blood ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 2
Chapter 2 Plasma Proteins ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 3
Chapter 3 Red Blood Cells ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 5
Chapter 4 Hemoglobin …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 9
Chapter 5 White Blood Cells ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 13
Chapter 6 Platelets ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 17
Chapter 7 Blood Group System ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 19
Chapter 8 Coagulation of Blood ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 23
Chapter 9 Jaundice ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 26
Chapter 10 Hemophilia …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 28
Chapter 11 Cardiovascular System …………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 30
Chapter 12 Respiratory System …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 36
Chapter 13 Digestive System …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 46
Chapter 14 Kidney …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 54
Chapter 15 Urinary System ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 57
Chapter 16 Physiology of Nerve & Muscle ………………………………………………………………………………………….. 61
Chapter 17 Human Brain ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 65
Chapter 18 Spinal Cord …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 66
Chapter 19 The Autonomic Nervous System ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 71
Chapter 20 Central Nervous System …………………………………………………………………………………………………… 77
Chapter 21 The Integumentary System ………………………………………………………………………………………………. 85
Chapter 22 Special Senses ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 91
Chapter 23 Sense of Hearing …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 92
Chapter 24 Sense of Smell ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 95
Chapter 25 Sense of Sight …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 98
Chapter 26 Sense of Taste ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 101
Chapter 27 Sense of Touch ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 103
Chapter 28 Postural control systems………………………………………………………………………………………………… 104
Chapter 29 Lymphoid Tissues ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 106
Chapter 30 Endocrine System …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 108
Chapter 31 Major Endocrine Organs ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 111
Pharmacy Exam Guide
Blood 2
blood and carried to the excretory organs like
Chapter 1 Blood kidney, skin, liver etc. for excretion
4) TRANSPORT OF HORMONES AND ENZYMES:
Hormones secreted by endocrine glands
INTRODUCTION: directly into the blood are transported to the
Blood is a connective tissue in the fluid form. It is target organs/tissues. Blood also transport
considered as the” fluid of life” because it carries enzymes.
oxygen from lungs to all parts of the body and carbon 5) REGULATION OF WATER BALANCE:
dioxide from all parts of the body to Lungs. It is Water content of the blood is freely
considered as Fluid of growth because it carries interchangeable with intestinal fluid. This
nutritive substances from the digestive system and helps in the regulation of water content of
hormones from endocrine gland to all the tissues. the body.
Blood is also called “fluid of fluid of health because it 6) REGULATION OF ACID BASE BALANCE:
protects the body against diseases and gets rid of the The plasma proteins and hemoglobin act as
waste products and unwanted substances by buffers and help in regulation of acid base
transporting them to excretory organs like kidneys. balance.
7) REGULATION OF BODY TEMPERATURE:
COMPOSITION OF BLOOD: Because of High Specific heat of Blood, it is
Blood contains the blood cells which are called responsible for maintaining the
formed elements and the liquid portion known as thermoregulatory mechanism in the body,
“Plasma” i.e. the balance between heat loss and heat
BLOOD CELLS: gain in the body.
Three types of cells are present in the blood: 8) STORAGE FUNCTION:
1) Red blood cells or Erythrocytes Water and some important storage
2) White blood cells or Leukocytes substances like glucose, sodium and
3) Platelets or Thrombocytes potassium are constantly required by tissues.
HEMATOCRIT VALUE: Blood serves as a readymade source for
If a blood is collected in a hematocrit tube along with these substances. And these substances are
a suitable anti-coagulant and centrifuged for 30 taken from blood during the conditions like
minutes at a speed of 3000 RPM (revolutions per starvation, fluid loss, electrolyte loss, etc.
minute), the red blood cells settle down at the bottom 9) DEFENSIVE FUNCTION:
having a clear plasma at the top. White Blod cells are responsible for the
The plasma forms 55% and the red blood cells forms defense function. Neutrophils and
45% of the total blood. The volume of the red blood Monocytes engulf the bacteria by
cells expressed in percentage is called the hematocrit phagocytosis. Lymphocytes are involved in
value of “Packed Cell Volume” (PCV) development of Immunity. Esinophils are
responsible for detoxification, disintegration
F and removal of foreign proteins.
UNCTIONS OF THE BLOOD:
1) NUTRIENT FUNCTION:
Nutritive substances like glucose, amino
acids, lipids and vitamins derived from
digested food are absorbed from
gastrointestinal tract and carried by blood to
different parts of the body for growth and
production of energy.
2) RESPIRATORY FUNCTION:
Transport of Respiratory gases is done by
blood. It carries oxygen from alveoli of lungs
to different tissues and carbon dioxide from
tissues to alveoli.
3) EXCRETORY FUNCTION:
Waste products formed in the tissue during
various metabolic activities are removed by
Pharmacy Exam Guide
Plasma Proteins 3
Chapter 2 PLASMA PROTEINS 3) ELECTROPHORETIC METHOD:
Plasma proteins are separated depending on
INTRODUCTION: their differences in electrical charge and the
The Plasma Proteins are: rate of migration.
1) SERUM ALBUMIN 4) COHN’S FRACTIONAL PRECIPITATION
2) SERUM GLOBULIN METHOD:
3) FIBRINOGEN Plasma proteins are separated into albumin
and different fractions depending on their
solubility.
SERUM:
Blood is collected in a container, coagulation occurs. 5) ULTRACENTRIFUGATION METHOD:
In this process, fibrinogen is converted to fibrin and Albumin, Globulin and Fibrinogen are
blood cells are trapped in fibrin forming the blood separated depending on their density. This
clot. After about 45 minutes a straw colored fluid methods can also determine their molecular
oozes out of the blood clot. This Fluid is called Serum. weights.
Serum contains only albumin and globulin. Fibrinogen 6) IMMUNOELECTROPHORETIC METHOD:
is absent in serum because it is converted in fibrin By this method, the proteins are separated
during blood clotting. on the basis of electrophoresis patterns
Serum = Plasma – Fibrinogen formed by precipitation at the site of
N antigen-antibody reaction.
ORMAL VALUES:
The normal values of the plasma proteins are:
Total Proteins : 7.3gm% 2.1 FUNCTIONS OF PLASMA PROTEINS:
Serum albumin: 4.7 gm% ROLE IN COAGULATION OF BLOOD:
Serum globulin: 2.3 gm% Fibrinogen is essentianI in the coagulation of
Fibrinogen: 0.3 gm% blood.
ROLE IN DEFENSE MECHANISM OF BODY:
ALBUMIN GLOBULIN RATIO: Gamma globulins act as antibodies (immune
The ratio between plasma level of albumin and substances). These proteins are called
globulin is called Albumin/Globulin (A/G) ratio. It is an immunoglobulins. Antibodies react with
important indicator of some diseases involving liver or antigens of various microorganisms that
kidney. cause diseases.
Normal A/G ratio is 2:1 ROLE IN TRANSPORT MECHANISM:
Albumin, alpha globulin and beta globulin are
SEPERATION OF PLASMA PROTEINS responsible for the transport of hormones,
the plasma proteins can be separated by following enzymes etc. The alpha and beta globulins
methods plays an important role in transport of metals
1) PRECIPITATION METHOD: in the blood.
Proteins in the serum are separated into ROLE IN MAINTAINANCE OF OSMOTIC
albumin and globulin. This is done by PRESSURE:
precipating globulin with 22% sodium Because of large size, plasma proteins can
sulphate soln. Albumin remains in soln. not pass through the capillary membrane
2) SALTING OUT METHOD: easily and remain in blood where these
Serum globulin is separated into two proteins exert the collidal osmotic pressure
fractions called euglobulin and of about 25 mmHg.
pseudoglobulin by salting out with different ROLE IN REGULATION OF ACID BASE
solutions. Euglobulin is salted out by full
BALANCE:
saturation with sodium chloride soln; half
Plasma proteins, particularly the albumin
saturation with magnesium sulfate soln; and
plays an important role in regulating the acid
one third saturation with ammonium sulfate
base balance in the blood. This is because of
soln. It is insoluble in water. Pseudo globulin
the virtue of their buffering action.
is salted out by full saturation with
magnesium sulfate; and half saturation with ROLE IN VISCOSITY OF BLOOD:
ammonium sulfate. It is soluble in water but The plasma proteins provide viscosity to the
it cannot be salted out by sodium chloride blood, which is important to maintain the
soln.
Pharmacy Exam Guide